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الجمعة، 9 يناير 2015

تبنى المحادثة في اللغة الانجليزية على ثلاثة عناصر أساسية وهى:-

1-    الجملة الخبرية وهى الجملة التي نعطى بها معلومات او خبر للمستمع Affirmative statement    
2-    وتعقيب المستمع الذي يمكن أن يعقب على الخبر بجملة استفهامية وتسمي Interrogative statement
3-     أو بالإجابة بالنفي ويسمى جوابه بالجملة المنفية Negative statement                                   

A)I visited Ahmed at Morgan hospital yesterday. جملة خبرية أو مثبتة
B) What is wrong with Ahmed ? جملة استفهامية أو سؤال

A)I bought a new house .
B) How much did you pay for it?

A)Did you take your medicine?
B)No, I didn't take it .  جملة منفية

وعلية يجب أن يفهم متحدث اللغة الانجليزية أنة هناك بناء لغوي خاص للجملة الخبرية والجملة الاستفهامية، مما جعل علماء اللغة يقومون بتقسيم الكلام الذي نتحدث إلي عدة أقسام ( Parts of speech ) والهدف من هو كيفية  بناء الجمل الخبرية والاستفهامية  .Structure of Affirmative and Interrogative statements

Parts of speech (1-Nouns 2- Pronouns 3- Verbs 4-Adjectves 5-Adverbs 6- Articles ,
                            7- Conjunctions 8- prepositions , 9-demonstratives )

◄أقسام الكلام (1- الأسماء – 2الضمائر - 3- الأفعال 4- الصفات 5- الظروف 6- أدوات التعريف-  7- أدوات الربط -8- حروف الجر -9- أدوات الإشارة ) ولكل من هذه الأقسام المذكورة اعلاة وظيفة لغوية أو أكثر وموقع معين في الجملة  فالأفعال دائماً تأتي بعد الاسم أو الضمير ألذي تكون وظيفته فاعل . ، وغالباً ماتسبق الصفات الأسماء . ويقع حرف الجر قبل ظرف المكان أو الزمان .

◄فنحن نستطيع أن ننقل رسالة We can convey a message
ولكن هل البناء اللغوي لهذه الرسالة صحيح ولو استمرينا بهذا النمط من الكلام وبهذه الكيفية من البناء اللغوي فهل يستطيع المستمع من فهمنا بصورة صحيحة .

Me tomorrow  go to Baghdad .
A man there is at the door.

◄نحن على يقين بأن المستمع قد فهم الرسالة  وأننا قد أعطينا معلومة وهى الجملة الخبرية ولكن ليس بصورة غير صحيحة فالجملة الخبرية والاستفهامية لهما نمط معين من البناء اللغوي والقواعدي .

►Structure of affirmative sentence (Active voice)  البناء اللغوي للجملة الخبرية المبنية للمعلوم


الجملة الخبرية المبنية للمعلوم ونعنى بذلك الجملة المعروف فاعلها (التي تبتدئ بفاعل ) نستطيع أن نوردها في (12 ) طريقة ويرجع السبب في ذلك لاختلاف الأزمنة (  Tenses )

ترد الجملة الخبرية في  زمن 1-المضارع البسيط 2- المضارع البسيط المستمر 3- المضارع التام 4-
    المضارع التام المستمر)

1-Simple present tense 2-present continuous 3- present perfect 4- perfect continuous .

ترد الجملة الخبرية في  زمن 1-الماضي البسيط 2- الماضي البسيط المستمر 3- الماضي التام 4-
    الماضي التام المستمر)
1-Simple past tense 2-past continuous 3- past perfect 4- past perfect continuous.

ترد الجملة الخبرية في زمن  1-المستقبل البسيط 2- المستقبل البسيط المستمر 3- المستقبل التام 4-
    المستقبل التام المستمر)
1-Simple future tense 2-future continuous 3- future perfect 4- future perfect continuous .

البناء اللغوي للجملة الخبرية►Structure of Affirmative Statement  
 STATEMENTS
A statement is a sentence which gives information. If you make a statement, you usually give the sentence a subject, and this must go in front of the verb.


(1)        +                          (2)           +                      (3)          +               (4)
فاعل  Subject + فعل مساعد helping verb +   فعل رئيسي main verb  +  معلومات information
ضمير Pronoun   +  helping verb +    main verb    +   information
حرفة Profession + helping verb  +   main verb     +   information

ضمير الفاعل(مفرد)
المفعول به
ضمير الفاعل (جمع)
المفعول به
1- I أنا
me
2- we نحن
us
3- you أنت مذكر/ومؤنث
you
4- you انتم    أنتن/
you
5- he هو
him
6- she هي
her
7- it لغير العاقل
it
8- they هم
them





Helping Verbs  الافعال المساعدة
Helping verbs are also called "auxiliary verbs".

توظف أو تستخدم الأفعال المساعدة في الجملة الخبرية الانجليزية لتحديد زمن الفعل وبمعني اصح فهي تلعب دور ( يــ  / ت  / سأ ) التي تسبق الفعل باللغة العربية وتشكل زمن معين )

مثال : -                        
        عندد أضافة السابقة ( يــ is )    يستحم أصبح فعل مضارع مستمر   Ali is taking a bath now
       عندد أضافة السابقة ( ت have)     فقدت أصبح فعل مضارع تام        wallet  I have lost my
  عند أضافة السابقة ( سأ will) سأ ذهب أصبح فعل مستقبل I will go to school after one hour                                      

 Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about (15) helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:
Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)
These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the following cases:
  • be
    • to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
    • to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)

  • have
    • to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)
  • do
    • to make negatives (I do not like you.)
Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)
We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:
can, could ,may, might ,will, would, shall, should ,must ,ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
I can't speak Chinese.
Jehad may arrive late.
Would you like a cup of coffee?
You should see a doctor.
     I really must go now.
HOW TO USE MODAL VERBS
• Modal verbs are used with the basic form of the verb (="the" infinitive form,     without ‘to’).
You must pay now.                             NOT  You must to pay now.
They can go home if they want.          NOT  They can to go home if they want.
• Modal verbs do not have an s ending in the present tense of the third person  singular,
He can speak French.                                    NOT  He cans speak French.
• Modal verbs do not use do in questions or negatives.
Can you remember her name?         NOT  Do you can remember her name?
We must not be late.                           NOT  We don’t must be late.
Should we lock the door?                    NOT   Do we should lock the door?









Structure of Affirmative statements بناء الجملة الخبرية

          فاعل                فغل مساعد      فعل رئيسي                      معلومات
     1- Daham                     is               teaching            English at Akkad institute.
     2-They                      are               studying            English at Akkad institute.
     3-  The manager            is               having             a meeting at the moment.
    
    4-  I                              have            forgotten           to switch off the lights.
    5- It                             has               been raining     since morning.
    6- I                               had             taken                my medicine  before I had my lunch
    7- Fatema                    was              praying             when you phoned.
    8-I                               will              bring                 your book this evening.
    9-I                                am               going                to make you a cup of tea.
   10- I                            will  be        watching            the match at 5:00PM.

مهم جداً
لعلك قد تلاحظ أن هذه الأمثلة تخلو من أي مثال لجملة المضارع البسيط أوالماضي البسيط فما هو السبب في ذلك ؟
الغاية من وجود الفعل المساعد في الجملة الخبرية هو تحديد زمن الفعل وسوف نقوم بشرح عملي
    لذلك عند دراسة الأزمنة .
لماذا لا تحتاج جملة المضارع البسيط simple present  و جملة الماضي البسيط simple tense
إلي  فعل مساعد مثل (am –is- are- was –were- has – have –had –will -  )


لقد ذكرنا فيما سبق بأن وظيفة الفعل المساعد في الجملة الخبرية هو تحديد زمن الفعل .
فالفعل المساعد ( am / is / are  ) يسبق الفعل الرئيسي في جملة المضارع البسيط المستمر ليدل على شئ واحد أو ليحدد زمن الفعل أي أنة وفي هذه اللحظة التي يجري بها الحديث فان الفعل قيد العمل والاستمرار أي لم ينتهي .

1-You use the present progressive (continuous )to talk about something which is happening now at the time you are speaking or writing. You often use this meaning with words and phrases that express present time, such as now, at the moment, and currently .



A)  May I speech to Daham, please .ممكن اكلم دحام لو سمحت
B)    Sorry , He is praying .أسف أنة في هذه اللحظة يصلي ( أي في هذه اللحظة التي تتكلم معي قاعد يصلي )
  أي أن دحام بداء بالصلاة ولازال حتى هذه اللحظة يصلى ولم ينتهي منها .

وبما أن الزمن المضارع البسيط غير محدد بزمن فنحن عندما نستخدم الزمن المضارع البسيط فنحن نتكلم أو نقصد الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل .

1. You use the simple present to talk about something which is happening now, and which will continue to happen in the future. You often use the simple present in this meaning to talk about things that are true about your life, for example where you live, your job, or the kinds of things you like.

 ►Ali drives taxi (he does it in the past, present , and future)
►O you who believe , when you rise up for prayer wash your faces,………...
    (the action is general , it happens the same all  the time )
►Basem lives in Babylon.

►I work in a hospital.

2. You use the simple present when you talk about something which happens again and again, or when you say that something happens regularly at a particular time. Use words such as always, often, sometimes, occasionally, and never, or phrases such as on Tuesdays or every day with the simple present in this meaning.

►They often go out to restaurants.
►I travel to Baghdad twice a month.
►He gets up at 6 o'clock.
►Ali prays at the mosque everyday.


3.  You use the simple present to talk about something which stays the same for ever - such as a scientific fact.

 ►Oil floats on water.

►Two and two make four.

لا حظ أن جملة أن النفط يطفو على سطح الماء جملة صالحة لكل زمان ومكان فهي غير محددة  بزمن .

و 2 + 2 = 4  جملة صالحة ولا تتغير بكل ومكان وزمان وبجميع اللغات فعلية لا ضرورة لفعل مساعد يحددها بزمن معين .

4.  You use the simple present when you are describing what is happening at the exact moment when you are speaking. This meaning of the simple present is used for example in sports commentaries.

►Emad gets the ball from Nashat. He shoots and scores!
►May I use the phone please.

يأخذ عماد الكرة من نشأت يسدد وسيجل هدف ( ألان في هذه اللحظة فالزمن محدد فعلية لا حاجة لفعل مساعد لتحديده )



وهذا الحال ينطبق على جملة الماضي البسيط simple past tense   فالزمن محدد سلفاً فلا حاجة لاستخدام فعل مساعد لغاية موجودة سلفاً

►You use the simple past to talk about an action which happened and finished in the past. There is a space between the time when the action happened, and the time when you are speaking or writing about it. There is no relation between the past and now.



I visited Meithem at the hospital yesterday.

I was sick last week.

The police found a dead body in the river.

My father arrived from Umra two days ago.

Interrogative statements (QUESTIONS) الجملة الاستفهامية ( الأسئلة )

Questions are sentences which ask for information. They fall into three main types, depending on the kind of reply they expect.

 Yesno questions’ expect a simple yes or no reply (or a word or phrase which can    
   be used instead of yes or no). In these cases, you change the order of subject and
   verb.


Will the prime minister resign?  هل سيستقيل رئيس الوزراء ؟
(Possible answers: yes, no, don’t know; probably, maybe etc)

Are they ready?


Tag questions

You can change a statement into a question by adding a ‘tag question’ at the end of it. When you use a tag question, you are asking the listener to agree with the statement you have just made. If you make the statement positive, you expect the answer yes. If you make it negative, you expect the answer no.



A tag question is a type of ‘yesno question’, and shows the same change of word order. You use the same personal pronoun (she, they etc) and tense of the verb as in the statement to which the tag question is joined. In the most common kind of tag question, you change from positive to negative, or from negative to positive.



She’s outside, isn’t she? (Expected answer: yes)

They were ready, weren’t they? (Expected answer: yes)

You aren’t going, are you? (Expected answer: no)

It isn’t difficult, is it? (Expected answer: n


Structure of Interrogative Statements or Questions  بناء الجملة الاستفهامية
هناك صيغتان للاستفهام في اللغة الانجليزية .
الصيغة الأولي وهي استخدام الأفعال المساعدة helping verbs  أو auxiliary verbs و
modal helping verbs . وجميع هذه الأفعال المساعدة تشكل أداة استفهام واحدة تعني (هل) ولكن في سياقات مختلفة يأتي شرحها لاحقاً :-







هل؟
Helping verbs –

Present (المضارع  )
Past (الماضي )
Am  I so bad ?
Was I so bad yesterday?
Is your father home, please?
Was your father home two hours ago?
Are you at the party at the moment?
Were you at the wedding yesterday?
Do you speak English?
Did you speak English at the meeting?
Does Ali live in Hilla?
Did Ali live in Al Hilla last year?
Has Fatema got a house?
Had Fatema got a house  in Al Basra?
Have you got children ?
Had you got a car last year?
Will Ali join us to the party?
Would
Shall I stay home till you arrive?
Should
Can you repair my laptop?
Could



Structure of Interrogative Statements بناء الجملة الاستفهامية

When using helping or modal verbs عند استخدام الأفعال المساعدة كأداة استفهام

Am ___? Is _____?  Are _______?

Am – Is – Are- Was - Were
Noun- pronoun- profession
information

هل
اسم – ضمير – مهنة
معلومات
?
Is
Daham - He- the English teacher
At the classroom?

يمكن استخدام أفعال الكينونة verbs to be  (am –is -are  ) في الحاضر آو شكلها الماضي كأدوات استفهام بمعنى هل للسؤال عن :-



1- adjectives - الصفات
Eg:- Is he rich? هل هو غني
       ►Is she beautiful?هل هي جملية
       ►Are the rooms very wide ? هل الغرف واسعة جداً




2- Health ,mental , marital states or status  الحالات الصحية والعقلية أو الذهنية والاجتماعية  

     ►Are you sick ?هل أنت مريض
     ►Is he crazy ?هل أنت مجنون
     ►Are you married ?هل أنت متزوج
     ►Is Fatima a widower ?هل فاطمة أرملة
     ►Are you a bachelor /  a spinster ? هل أنت  أعزب أو عزباء

3- presence or absence  الوجود – أو الحضور – الغياب

    ►Are you at work?هل أنت بالعمل
    ►Is the manager at his office?هل المدير في مكتبة
    ► Were you absent yesterday? هل كنت غائباً أمس
    ► Was Ali present yesterday ? هل كان على حاضرا أمس

4- vocational states – professions  الحالات المهنية أو المعيشية

   ►Are you eyes specialist? هل أنت أخصائي عيون  
   ► Is he a lawyer? هل هو المحامي
   ► Are you watchman? هل أنت البواب     


Verbs to have ( Has + Have)

يستخدم الفعل to have   للسؤال عن الملكية ( هل -------- يملك أو لدية --------------؟

 Have with   =I + You + We +They
 Has with = he +she+ it

يجب ان يلاحظ من يريد التحدث باللغة الانجليزية , أي توجيه سؤال بهذه اللغة أن الانجليزية البريطانية تستخدم نمط يختلف عن الانجليزية الأمريكية عند السؤال عند الملكية.

English ( Have or Has +subject+ information)?
                  هل                +       فاعل     + معلومات    ?
1-Have you a master degree?                                 هل لديك شهادة ماجستير؟
2-Have you a printing department in your firm?هل لديكم قسم طباعة في مؤسستكم؟  
3-Has Ali a car ?  هل يملك على سيارة؟                                               
4-Has Fatima children?                                         هل لدى فاطمة أطفال؟
5-Had you time to finish the work?                        هل كان لديك وقت لإنهاء العمل ؟







American (Do or Does +Subject + Infinitive verb+ Information)?
                        هل          +       فاعل     + فعل مصدر  معلومات      +    ?
1-Do you have a master degree?
2- Do you have a printing department in your firm?
3- Does Ali have a car?
4-Does Fatima have children?
5-Did you have time to finish the work?


الصيغة الثانية وهي باستخدام أدوات الاستفهام :-
Wh questions’ begin with a question word, such as what, why, where, or how. This kind of question can have a wide range of different replies. The answer may be a full sentence, or one which leaves out the words that you can guess from knowing the question. Here too, you need to change the order of subject and verb.



Where are you going? (Possible answers: I’m going to work, downstairs, the library etc)



‘Alternative questions’ give the listener a choice of two possible replies, both of   
  which

are mentioned in the question. The two possibilities are connected by the word or. Once again, you must change the order of subject and verb.



Will you travel by train or by boat? (Possible answers: by train, by boat, don’t know etc)










الصيغة الثانية وهي استخدام كلمات الاستفهام Question words  
Wh –question words
الوظيفة
المعني
أداة الاستفهام
طلب معلومات محددة
 ما – ماذا – ما هو
What
السؤال عن ظرف مكان
أين
Where
السؤال عن ظرف زمان
متى
When
طلب تعليل أو استفسار عن شئ
لماذا
Why
سؤال عن الفاعل العاقل
من
Who
سؤال عن المفعول بة العاقل
من
Whom
للاختيار – ماذا تفضل أو ترغب بــ
أي
Which
سؤال إلي من تعود الأشياء
لمن
Whose
للسؤال عن العدد أو الحالات
كيف - كم
How

How to ask a question using the above question words?

Question word +auxiliary verb+ subject +verb+ information

What                          will                 you       do    if he comes late?

 Daham :What are you doing today?
 Nabeel  : Perhaps we could go to Juma's wedding party together.
Daham   : Where shall we meet?
Nabeel   : At Akkad institute .
Daham   : When shall I report there?
Nabeel  : At 7:00 sharp.


















Asking about people and things:-

When we want to ask a question about thing , people , places . We use  question words (interrogative )


We use question words in the following ways :

What ? ________ question about things or actions
                               What is that floating on the water? It is a piece of wood.

Who? __________ a question about people.
                                 Who is coming to the meeting ?    Mr Adnan is.
                                  Who will attend the meeting    ?


Where? _________ a question about location or places                   
                                    Where is Mr. Daham? He is in the classroom .

When? ________   a question about time.
                                When shall  I switch the generator ? At 10: 30 PM.

Which ?_________ a question about choice.
                                 Which one do like? I like the green one.

Why? ___________a question about reason .
                            Why should I pay for the meal? Because I  have forgotten my wallet.
                       

Whose _____ a question about possession
                         Whose book is this ?

How ______ questions about means or methods
‘Alternative questions’ give the listener a choice of two possible replies, both of which


Tag questions
You can change a statement into a question by adding a ‘tag question’ at the end of it. When you use a tag question, you are asking the listener to agree with the statement you have just made. If you make the statement positive, you expect the answer yes. If you make it negative, you expect the answer no.



A tag question is a type of ‘yesno question’, and shows the same change of word order. You use the same personal pronoun (she, they etc) and tense of the verb as in the statement to which the tag question is joined. In the most common kind of tag question, you change from positive to negative, or from negative to positive.



She’s outside, isn’t she? (Expected answer: yes)

They were ready, weren’t they? (Expected answer: yes)

You aren’t going, are you? (Expected answer: no)

It isn’t difficult, is it? (Expected answer: no)






























NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Negative statements are made in two main ways:

  1. If the statement contains an auxiliary verb, such as is or have, you usually add not or its contracted form n’t.



She is not leaving. OR She isn’t leaving.

Am and may do not allow n’t. Will, shall, and can have special contracted forms: won’t, shan’t, can’t.



The same rules apply when you make a question negative.



Are they in the garden? Aren’t they in the garden?

WiII he get the job? Won’t he get the job?


2. If the statement has no auxiliary verb, you need to make the negative using a form of do + not/n’t. Make sure that the main verb is in its basic form.


She likes swimming. She doesn’t like swimming. NOT She doesn’t likes swimming.

I saw a ship. I didn’t see a ship. NOT I didn’t saw a ship.


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