تبنى المحادثة في اللغة الانجليزية على ثلاثة عناصر
أساسية وهى:-
1-
الجملة الخبرية وهى الجملة التي
نعطى بها معلومات او خبر للمستمع Affirmative statement
2-
وتعقيب المستمع الذي يمكن أن
يعقب على الخبر بجملة استفهامية وتسمي Interrogative statement
3-
أو
بالإجابة بالنفي ويسمى جوابه بالجملة المنفية Negative statement
A)I visited Ahmed at Morgan
hospital yesterday. جملة خبرية أو مثبتة
B) What is wrong with Ahmed ? جملة
استفهامية أو سؤال
A)I bought a new house .
B) How much did you pay for
it?
A)Did you take your medicine?
B)No, I didn't take it . جملة منفية
وعلية يجب أن يفهم متحدث اللغة الانجليزية أنة هناك بناء لغوي خاص للجملة
الخبرية والجملة الاستفهامية، مما جعل علماء اللغة يقومون بتقسيم الكلام الذي
نتحدث إلي عدة أقسام ( Parts of speech ) والهدف من هو كيفية بناء الجمل الخبرية والاستفهامية .Structure of Affirmative and
Interrogative statements
Parts of speech (1-Nouns 2-
Pronouns 3- Verbs 4-Adjectves 5-Adverbs 6- Articles ,
7- Conjunctions 8- prepositions , 9-demonstratives )
◄أقسام الكلام (1- الأسماء – 2الضمائر - 3- الأفعال 4- الصفات 5-
الظروف 6- أدوات التعريف- 7- أدوات الربط
-8- حروف الجر -9- أدوات الإشارة ) ولكل من هذه الأقسام المذكورة اعلاة وظيفة
لغوية أو أكثر وموقع معين في الجملة
فالأفعال دائماً تأتي بعد الاسم أو الضمير ألذي تكون وظيفته فاعل . ،
وغالباً ماتسبق الصفات الأسماء . ويقع حرف الجر قبل ظرف المكان أو الزمان .
◄فنحن نستطيع أن ننقل رسالة We can convey a message
ولكن هل البناء اللغوي لهذه الرسالة صحيح ولو استمرينا بهذا النمط من الكلام
وبهذه الكيفية من البناء اللغوي فهل يستطيع المستمع من فهمنا بصورة صحيحة .
Me tomorrow go to Baghdad
.
A man there is at the door.
◄نحن على يقين بأن المستمع قد فهم الرسالة وأننا قد أعطينا معلومة وهى الجملة الخبرية ولكن
ليس بصورة غير صحيحة فالجملة الخبرية والاستفهامية لهما نمط معين من البناء اللغوي
والقواعدي .
►Structure of affirmative sentence (Active voice) البناء اللغوي للجملة الخبرية
المبنية للمعلوم
◄الجملة الخبرية المبنية للمعلوم ونعنى بذلك الجملة
المعروف فاعلها (التي تبتدئ بفاعل ) نستطيع أن نوردها في (12 ) طريقة ويرجع السبب
في ذلك لاختلاف الأزمنة ( Tenses )
◄ترد الجملة الخبرية في زمن 1-المضارع البسيط 2- المضارع البسيط المستمر
3- المضارع التام 4-
المضارع التام المستمر)
1-Simple present tense 2-present continuous 3- present perfect 4-
perfect continuous .
◄ترد الجملة الخبرية في زمن 1-الماضي البسيط 2- الماضي البسيط المستمر
3- الماضي التام 4-
الماضي التام المستمر)
1-Simple past tense 2-past continuous 3- past perfect 4- past
perfect continuous.
◄ترد الجملة الخبرية في زمن 1-المستقبل البسيط 2- المستقبل البسيط المستمر
3- المستقبل التام 4-
المستقبل التام المستمر)
1-Simple future
tense 2-future continuous 3- future perfect 4- future perfect continuous .
البناء اللغوي للجملة الخبرية►Structure of Affirmative Statement
STATEMENTS
A statement is a sentence which gives information. If
you make a statement, you usually give the sentence a subject, and this must go
in front of the verb.
(1) + (2)
+ (3) + (4)
فاعل Subject + فعل مساعد helping verb + فعل رئيسي main verb + معلومات information
ضمير Pronoun + helping verb + main
verb + information
حرفة Profession + helping verb + main verb
+ information
|
ضمير الفاعل(مفرد)
|
المفعول به
|
ضمير الفاعل (جمع)
|
المفعول به
|
|
1- I أنا
|
me
|
2- we نحن
|
us
|
|
3- you أنت مذكر/ومؤنث
|
you
|
4- you انتم أنتن/
|
you
|
|
5- he هو
|
him
|
6- she هي
|
her
|
|
7- it لغير العاقل
|
it
|
8- they هم
|
them
|
Helping Verbs
الافعال
المساعدة
|
Helping verbs
have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure
of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping
verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main
verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about (15) helping verbs in
English, and we divide them into two basic groups:
Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)
These are the verbs be, do, and have.
Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main
verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the
following cases:
- be
- to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
- to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)
- have
- to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)
- do
- to make negatives (I do not like you.)
Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)
We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the
meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity
or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal
verbs:
can, could ,may, might ,will, would, shall,
should ,must ,ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
►I can't speak Chinese.
►Jehad may arrive late.
►Would you like a cup of coffee?
►You should see a doctor.
► I really must go now.
HOW TO USE
MODAL VERBS
• Modal verbs are used with the basic form of the verb
(="the" infinitive form, without
‘to’).
►You must pay now. NOT
You must to pay now.
►They can go home if they want. NOT
They can to go home if they want.
• Modal verbs
do not have an ‑s ending in the present tense of the
third person singular,
►He can speak French. NOT He cans speak French.
• Modal verbs
do not use do in questions or negatives.
►Can you remember her name? NOT
Do you can remember her name?
►We must not be late. NOT We don’t must be late.
►Should we lock the door? NOT Do we should lock the door?
Structure of Affirmative statements بناء الجملة الخبرية
فاعل فغل مساعد فعل رئيسي معلومات
1-
Daham is teaching English at Akkad
institute.
2-They are studying English at Akkad
institute.
3- The
manager is having a meeting at the moment.
4- I have forgotten to switch off the lights.
5- It has been raining since morning.
6- I had taken my medicine before I had my lunch
7-
Fatema was praying when you phoned.
8-I will bring your book this evening.
9-I am going to make you a cup of tea.
10- I will be
watching the match at
5:00PM.
مهم جداً
لعلك قد تلاحظ
أن هذه الأمثلة تخلو من أي مثال لجملة المضارع البسيط أوالماضي البسيط فما هو
السبب في ذلك ؟
◄ الغاية من
وجود الفعل المساعد في الجملة الخبرية هو تحديد زمن الفعل وسوف نقوم بشرح عملي
لذلك عند دراسة الأزمنة .
◄ لماذا لا
تحتاج جملة المضارع البسيط simple present و جملة الماضي البسيط simple tense
إلي فعل مساعد مثل (am –is- are- was –were- has – have –had –will - )
لقد ذكرنا فيما
سبق بأن وظيفة الفعل المساعد في الجملة الخبرية هو تحديد زمن الفعل .
فالفعل المساعد
( am / is / are ) يسبق الفعل الرئيسي في
جملة المضارع البسيط المستمر ليدل على شئ واحد أو ليحدد زمن الفعل أي أنة وفي هذه اللحظة التي يجري بها الحديث فان
الفعل قيد العمل والاستمرار أي لم ينتهي .
1-You use
the present progressive (continuous )to talk about something which is happening
now at the time you are speaking or writing. You often use this meaning with
words and phrases that express present time, such as now, at the moment, and
currently .
A) May I speech to Daham, please .ممكن اكلم دحام لو سمحت
B) Sorry , He is praying .أسف أنة في هذه اللحظة يصلي ( أي في هذه اللحظة التي تتكلم معي قاعد يصلي )
أي أن دحام بداء بالصلاة ولازال حتى هذه اللحظة يصلى ولم ينتهي منها .
◄وبما أن الزمن المضارع البسيط غير محدد بزمن فنحن عندما نستخدم الزمن
المضارع البسيط فنحن نتكلم أو نقصد الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل .
1. You use
the simple present to talk about something which is happening now, and which
will continue to happen in the future. You often use the simple present in this
meaning to talk about things that are true about your life, for example where
you live, your job, or the kinds of things you like.
►Ali drives taxi (he does it in the past,
present , and future)
►O you who
believe , when you rise up for prayer wash your faces,………...
(the action is general , it happens the
same all the time )
►Basem lives
in Babylon.
►I work in a
hospital.
2. You use
the simple present when you talk about something which happens again and again,
or when you say that something happens regularly at a particular time. Use
words such as always, often, sometimes, occasionally, and never, or phrases
such as on Tuesdays or every day with the simple present in this meaning.
►They often
go out to restaurants.
►I travel to
Baghdad twice a
month.
►He gets up
at 6 o'clock.
►Ali prays
at the mosque everyday.
3. You use the simple present to talk about
something which stays the same for ever - such as a scientific fact.
►Oil
floats on water.
►Two and two
make four.
لا حظ أن
جملة أن النفط يطفو على سطح الماء جملة صالحة لكل زمان ومكان فهي غير محددة بزمن .
و 2 + 2 =
4 جملة صالحة ولا تتغير بكل ومكان وزمان
وبجميع اللغات فعلية لا ضرورة لفعل مساعد يحددها بزمن معين .
4. You use the simple present when you are
describing what is happening at the exact moment when you are speaking. This
meaning of the simple present is used for example in sports commentaries.
►Emad gets
the ball from Nashat. He shoots ‑ and scores!
►May I use
the phone please.
يأخذ عماد الكرة من نشأت يسدد وسيجل هدف ( ألان في هذه اللحظة فالزمن محدد
فعلية لا حاجة لفعل مساعد لتحديده )
وهذا الحال ينطبق على جملة الماضي البسيط simple past tense فالزمن محدد سلفاً فلا حاجة لاستخدام فعل مساعد
لغاية موجودة سلفاً
►You use the
simple past to talk about an action which happened and finished in the past.
There is a space between the time when the action happened, and the time when
you are speaking or writing about it. There is no relation between the past and
now.
I visited Meithem at the
hospital yesterday.
I was sick last week.
The police found a dead body
in the river.
My father arrived from Umra two
days ago.
Interrogative statements
(QUESTIONS) الجملة
الاستفهامية ( الأسئلة )
Questions are sentences which ask for information. They fall into three main
types, depending on the kind of reply they expect.
‘Yes‑no questions’ expect a simple yes or no reply (or a word
or phrase which can
be used instead of yes or no). In these
cases, you change the order of subject and
verb.
Will the prime minister resign?
هل سيستقيل رئيس الوزراء ؟
(Possible
answers: yes, no, don’t know; probably, maybe etc)
Are they ready?
Tag questions
You can change a statement
into a question by adding a ‘tag question’ at the end of it. When you use a tag
question, you are asking the listener to agree with the statement you have just
made. If you make the statement positive, you expect the answer yes. If you make
it negative, you expect the answer no.
A tag question is a type of
‘yes‑no question’, and shows the same change of word order. You use the same
personal pronoun (she, they etc) and tense of the verb as in the statement to
which the tag question is joined. In the most common kind of tag question, you
change from positive to negative, or from negative to positive.
She’s outside, isn’t she?
(Expected answer: yes)
They were ready, weren’t they?
(Expected answer: yes)
You aren’t going, are you?
(Expected answer: no)
It isn’t difficult, is it?
(Expected answer: n
Structure of Interrogative
Statements or Questions بناء الجملة الاستفهامية
◄هناك صيغتان للاستفهام في اللغة الانجليزية .
◄الصيغة الأولي وهي استخدام الأفعال المساعدة helping verbs أو auxiliary verbs و
modal helping
verbs . وجميع هذه الأفعال المساعدة
تشكل أداة استفهام واحدة تعني (هل) ولكن في سياقات مختلفة يأتي شرحها لاحقاً :-
هل؟
Helping verbs –
|
Present (المضارع )
|
Past (الماضي )
|
|
Am I so bad ?
|
Was I so bad yesterday?
|
|
Is your father home, please?
|
Was your father home two hours ago?
|
|
Are you at the party at the moment?
|
Were you at the wedding yesterday?
|
|
Do you speak English?
|
Did you speak English at the meeting?
|
|
Does Ali live in Hilla?
|
Did Ali live in Al Hilla last year?
|
|
Has Fatema got a house?
|
Had Fatema got a house in Al Basra?
|
|
Have you got children ?
|
Had you got a car last year?
|
|
Will Ali join us to the party?
|
Would
|
|
Shall I stay home till you arrive?
|
Should
|
|
Can you repair my laptop?
|
Could
|
Structure of Interrogative
Statements بناء الجملة
الاستفهامية
When using helping or modal
verbs عند استخدام الأفعال المساعدة كأداة استفهام
Am
___? Is _____? Are _______?
|
Am – Is – Are- Was - Were
|
Noun- pronoun- profession
|
information
|
|
|
هل
|
اسم – ضمير – مهنة
|
معلومات
|
?
|
|
Is
|
Daham - He- the English teacher
|
At the classroom?
|
|
يمكن استخدام أفعال الكينونة verbs to be (am –is -are ) في الحاضر آو شكلها الماضي كأدوات استفهام
بمعنى هل للسؤال عن :-
1- adjectives - الصفات
Eg:-
Is he rich? هل هو غني
►Is she beautiful?هل هي جملية
►Are the rooms very
wide ? هل الغرف واسعة جداً
2-
Health ,mental , marital states or status الحالات الصحية والعقلية أو
الذهنية والاجتماعية
►Are you sick ?هل أنت مريض
►Is he crazy ?هل أنت
مجنون
►Are you married ?هل أنت متزوج
►Is Fatima
a widower ?هل فاطمة أرملة
►Are you a bachelor / a spinster ? هل أنت أعزب أو عزباء
3-
presence or absence الوجود – أو الحضور – الغياب
►Are you at work?هل أنت
بالعمل
►Is the manager at his
office?هل المدير في مكتبة
► Were you absent yesterday? هل
كنت غائباً أمس
► Was Ali present
yesterday ? هل كان على حاضرا أمس
4-
vocational states – professions الحالات المهنية أو المعيشية
►Are you eyes specialist?
هل
أنت أخصائي عيون
► Is he a lawyer? هل هو المحامي
► Are you watchman? هل أنت البواب
Verbs
to have ( Has + Have)
يستخدم الفعل to have للسؤال عن الملكية ( هل
-------- يملك أو لدية --------------؟
Have
with =I + You + We +They
Has with = he +she+ it
يجب ان يلاحظ من يريد التحدث باللغة الانجليزية , أي توجيه سؤال بهذه اللغة أن الانجليزية البريطانية
تستخدم نمط يختلف عن الانجليزية الأمريكية عند السؤال عند الملكية.
English ( Have or Has
+subject+ information)?
هل + فاعل + معلومات ?
1-Have you a master degree? هل لديك
شهادة ماجستير؟
2-Have you a printing department in your firm?هل لديكم
قسم طباعة في مؤسستكم؟
3-Has Ali a car ? هل يملك على سيارة؟
4-Has Fatima
children? هل لدى
فاطمة أطفال؟
5-Had
you time to finish the work? هل كان لديك
وقت لإنهاء العمل ؟
American (Do or Does +Subject
+ Infinitive verb+ Information)?
هل +
فاعل + فعل مصدر معلومات + ?
1-Do you have a master
degree?
2- Do
you have a printing department in your firm?
3- Does
Ali have a car?
4-Does
Fatima have children?
5-Did
you have time to finish the work?
◄الصيغة الثانية
وهي باستخدام أدوات الاستفهام :-
Wh‑ questions’ begin with a question word, such as what, why, where,
or how. This kind of question can have a wide range of different replies. The
answer may be a full sentence, or one which leaves out the words that you can
guess from knowing the question. Here too, you need to change the order of
subject and verb.
Where are you going? (Possible
answers: I’m going to work, downstairs, the library etc)
‘Alternative questions’ give the listener a choice of two possible replies, both
of
which
are mentioned in the question.
The two possibilities are connected by the word or. Once again, you must change
the order of subject and verb.
Will
you travel by train or by boat? (Possible answers: by train, by boat, don’t
know etc)
◄الصيغة الثانية وهي استخدام كلمات الاستفهام Question words
Wh –question words
|
الوظيفة
|
المعني
|
أداة الاستفهام
|
|
طلب معلومات محددة
|
ما – ماذا –
ما هو
|
What
|
|
السؤال عن ظرف مكان
|
أين
|
Where
|
|
السؤال عن ظرف زمان
|
متى
|
When
|
|
طلب تعليل أو استفسار عن شئ
|
لماذا
|
Why
|
|
سؤال عن الفاعل العاقل
|
من
|
Who
|
|
سؤال عن المفعول بة العاقل
|
من
|
Whom
|
|
للاختيار – ماذا تفضل أو ترغب بــ
|
أي
|
Which
|
|
سؤال إلي من تعود الأشياء
|
لمن
|
Whose
|
|
للسؤال عن العدد أو الحالات
|
كيف - كم
|
How
|
How to ask a question
using the above question words?
Question word +auxiliary verb+ subject +verb+
information
What will you do
if he comes late?
Daham :What are you doing today?
Nabeel : Perhaps we could go to Juma's wedding party
together.
Daham : Where
shall we meet?
Nabeel : At Akkad institute .
Daham : When
shall I report there?
Nabeel : At 7:00 sharp.
Asking about people and things:-
When we want to ask a question
about thing , people , places . We use
question words (interrogative )
We use question words in the following ways :
What ? ________ question about
things or actions
What is that
floating on the water? It is a piece of wood.
Who? __________ a question
about people.
Who is coming to the
meeting ? Mr Adnan is.
Who will
attend the meeting ?
Where? _________ a question
about location or places
Where is Mr.
Daham? He is in the classroom .
When? ________ a question about time.
When shall I switch the generator ? At 10: 30 PM.
Which ?_________ a question about choice.
Which one do
like? I like the green one.
Why? ___________a question about reason .
Why should I pay
for the meal? Because I have forgotten
my wallet.
Whose _____ a question about possession
Whose book is this ?
How ______ questions about means or methods
‘Alternative questions’ give
the listener a choice of two possible replies, both of which
Tag questions
You can change a statement
into a question by adding a ‘tag question’ at the end of it. When you use a tag
question, you are asking the listener to agree with the statement you have just
made. If you make the statement positive, you expect the answer yes. If you
make it negative, you expect the answer no.
A tag question is a type of
‘yes‑no question’, and
shows the same change of word order. You use the same personal pronoun (she,
they etc) and tense of the verb as in the statement to which the tag question
is joined. In the most common kind of tag question, you change from positive to
negative, or from negative to positive.
She’s outside, isn’t she?
(Expected answer: yes)
They were ready, weren’t they?
(Expected answer: yes)
You aren’t going, are you?
(Expected answer: no)
It isn’t difficult, is it?
(Expected answer: no)
NEGATIVE
STATEMENTS
Negative statements are made
in two main ways:
1. If the statement contains an auxiliary
verb, such as is or have, you usually add not or its contracted form n’t.
She is not leaving. OR She
isn’t leaving.
Am and may do not allow n’t.
Will, shall, and can have special contracted forms: won’t, shan’t, can’t.
The same rules apply when you
make a question negative.
Are they in the garden? Aren’t
they in the garden?
WiII he get the job? Won’t he
get the job?
2. If the
statement has no auxiliary verb, you need to make the negative using a form of
do + not/n’t. Make sure that the main verb is in its basic form.
She likes swimming. She
doesn’t like swimming. NOT She doesn’t likes swimming.
I saw a ship. I didn’t see a
ship. NOT I didn’t saw a ship.


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